To what extent and in what ways are people ?fixed? and ?open to change?

Charles Darwin was not only a pi one(a)er in evolutionary psychology, also todays theories of groundbreaking lifespan ontogenesis draw on and are influenced by Darwins ideas. His functionalist perspective primarily focused on the reason for development of specific human race characteristics over many generations, and therefore an enormously long timescale. However, inspired by the observations in the development his own son, Darwin also acknowledged that an individual is the result of a gradual sequence of prior changes, both in a broad evolutionary sense and within individuals own lifetime and provided development and changes lies ahead (Cooper and Roth, p.50, 2003). This notion provided the basis for other researchers to further explore the development of humans over a lifetime period. The human lifespan development can be explored in many different ways, e.g. in terms of biological maturity of the body from a new-born to a physically in full-grown adult, physical declension in later stages of live and how that effects people psychologically. Individual physiological and psychological characteristics are potential factors that have different impact on each individual, they therefore are considered as internal influences (Cooper and Roth, p.5, 2003). The development of cognitive abilities, specific historical circumstances or the social and cultural environments of each person stupefy external influences (Cooper and Roth, p.5, 2003). It has to be noted that both internal and external factors can influence each other. We therefore we have to look at these transactions quite an than just taking single factors into consideration.Initially, researchers considered the observation of children as a very instructive means in investigating at what point of time indisputable changes in human behaviour evolve. Through identifying a pattern of changes that render place in the development of a new born into a fully grown adult, researches developed the organismic approach. They believed that in order to achieve adulthood, people go through different phases and that a later stage incorporates and expands on the experiences from an earliest stage in life (stage theory). While adulthood was considered as the end-stage, external factors were identified as potential causes for a delay, acceleration or slowing-down in certain stages of development, but it was suggested that the pat... ... we can consciously change, e.g. getting rid of what we sometimes define as bad habits, or unconsciously after powerful, sometimes traumatic life-events. Human development therefore should be seen as the complex construct of interactions between age-related factors, historical factors and random environmental occurrences that only relate to one individual (Cooper and Roth, p.59, 2003). While early experiences in life might predict certain characteristics that define each individual throughout his/her life, life events and experiences are considered to be major factors that can enhance and undoubtedly change these characteristics. Human development over a lifetime can be seen as a continuous journey, with many possible routes, turns, cross-points and sometimes dead-ends. We, as the drivers of the vehicle that takes us through our own individual journey can often chose which road we want to take out of all routes available. Sometimes our choices are limited, but the end point of our journey is the end of our lives, rather then the achievement of adulthood.ReferencesCooper, T. and Roth, I. (eds) (2003) Challenging Psychological Issues, Milton Keynes, The sensory(a) University.